> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://ceri-num.gitbook.io/fa-projinfo/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://ceri-num.gitbook.io/fa-projinfo/s1-kickoff/intro-c.md).

# Intro to C

## A little bit of history

### C and C++: at the beginning

* \[**1972**] - Developed in parallel to UNIX 
  * UNIX: Operating System multi-task  and multi-user (le shell)
  * Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson
  * Come after the language B, brings notably the notion of types
* \[**1978**] The C Programming Language (the book)
  * Dennis Ritchie et Brian Kernighan
* \[**1979**] C with classes (Will become C++)
  * Bjarne Stroustrup (After his PhD Thesis)
* \[**1987**] GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) support C++
  * It is the first (natively)
  * Today: GNU project C and C++ Compiler

### Norm o C

* \[**1983**] group creation part of ANSI
  * American National Standards Institute
* \[**1989**] ANSI C or C89 (with minor evolution)
* \[**1990**] adoption of C89 by ISO (C90)
  * International Organization for Standardization
* \[**1999**] New evolution of the ISO norm (C99)
  * Variable size table, increments of floating point variables ...
  * Increase of the standard library
* \[**2011**] New evolution of the ISO norm (C11)
  * Multi-thread, generic type...

### C++ norm evolves in parallel:

* C++98, C++03, C++11 (et C++14)

Sources : [fr.wikipedia.org](https://fr.wikipedia.org/) - [en.wikipedia.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/)

## Philosophy

### Language C and C++

Close to the machine, more or less expressive

![](https://2172500819-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-legacy-files/o/assets%2F-MGOJ1yi9KLZYWv4AQ4z%2Fsync%2Fa2ca434d9a9cca702d8815081ccfdf6f477b206e.svg?generation=1601295020970911\&alt=media)

An imperative programming language:

```c
...
Instruction;
instruction;
instruction;
...
```

### Main differences in C++

| Addition                         | Limit                                                   |
| -------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------- |
| **+** Notions of POO             | **-** Not supported on all hardware architectures       |
| **+** Templates and STL          | **-** Not the same strictness as other object languages |
| **+** Still close to the machine | **-** Different behaviors fct(compiler, architectures)  |

## Online resources

### Understand with Wikipedia :

* C (langage) : [C - fr](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_\\%28langage\\%29) - [C en](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_\\%28programming_language\\%29)
* C++ : [C++ - fr](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C\\%2B\\%2B)
* Programmation impérative : [Programmation impérative](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmation_imp\\%C3\\%A9rative)
* GCC : [GNU Compiler Collection](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection)
* ...

### Courses, tutorials, forums :

* [c-faq.com](http://www.c-faq.com/)
* [zentut.com - c-tutorial](http://www.zentut.com/c-tutorial/)
* [cplusplus.com](http://www.cplusplus.com/)
* [developpez.com C](http://c.developpez.com) et [C++](http://cpp.developpez.com/)
* [stackoverflow.com](http://stackoverflow.com)
* ...

### Tools :

* GNU\_Compiler\_Collection
  * Windows: Minimalist GNU for Windows (with GCC) : [MinGW](http://mingw.org/)
* IDE (Integrated Development Environment) Dédié
  * OS independent : [codeblocks](http://www.codeblocks.org/)
  * IDE Linux : [kdevelop](https://www.kdevelop.org/)
  * IDE Windows : [Visual-Studio](http://www.microsoft.com/france/visual-studio/)
* IDE Générique
  * **Visual Studio Code** 
  * ATOM
  * ...
* Debugger:
  * Build Automation: Make, CMake 
  * Debugger: GNU Debugger [GDB](https://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/) ([possible UI](https://www.gdbgui.com/))
  * Automatic test: Answer on [stackoverflow](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/65820/unit-testing-c-code#65845)